在全球“双碳”目标驱动的能源转型背景下，可再生能源的波动性与氢能储运瓶颈催生了对高效能源载体的需求。氨（NH?）凭借其高储氢密度、易于液化、零碳排放及成熟的基础设施兼容性，已成为极具潜力的解决方案。本文系统综述了氨能源全价值链的技术进展与挑战，指出其规模化应用主要面临两大瓶颈，一是亟需以可再生能源驱动的绿氨合成路径替代传统高碳工艺；二是其低火焰速度、窄可燃极限及复杂的NOx生成机理制约了其在动力装置中的高效清洁利用。研究表明，通过旋流燃烧、MILD燃烧及与H?/CH?掺混等先进燃烧技术，可有效提升燃烧稳定性并实现污染物协同控制。其技术可行性已在大型船舶内燃机、兆瓦级燃气轮机和大规模燃煤电厂掺烧等前沿工程示范中得到验证。随着绿氨生产成本的持续下降与相关政策支持，氨能源作为连接可再生电力与终端应用的理想燃料，是实现交通、工业及电力行业深度脱碳的关键战略路径。

Driven by global “Dual Carbon” goals, the energy transition requires an efficient energy carrier to overcome the intermittency of renewables and bottlenecks in hydrogen storage and transportation. Ammonia (NH?) has emerged as a highly promising solution, owing to its high hydrogen density, ease of liquefaction, zero-carbon emissions, and compatibility with existing infrastructure. This paper systematically reviews the entire ammonia energy value chain and identifies its core challenges. Large-scale application faces two primary bottlenecks. The need to replace carbon-intensive production with green ammonia synthesis from renewable energy, and the need to overcome its inherent combustion difficulties, such as low flame speed and complex NOx formation mechanisms. Advanced combustion technologies, including swirl combustion, MILD combustion, and co-firing with H?/CH?, are shown to be effective solutions for enhancing stability and controlling pollutants. The technical feasibility of these approaches is being demonstrated in large-scale marine engines, megawatt-class gas turbines, and co-firing applications in coal-fired power plants. It is concluded that, driven by falling production costs for green ammonia and supportive policies, ammonia energy represents a key strategic pathway to decarbonize the transport, industrial, and power sectors by effectively linking renewable electricity to end-use applications.

国家自然科学基金项目（面上项目，重点项目，重大项目）